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Difference between revisions of "Linux"

From PCGamingWiki, the wiki about fixing PC games
m (→‎Desktop Environments: Rephrased since, well, alternative shells have always been a thing on at least Windows ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alternative_shells_for_Windows ). I wouldn't be surprised if Mac also had alt shells available.)
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==Desktop Environments==
 
==Desktop Environments==
While Windows and Mac have only a single desktop environment which gets updated in each OS release, the Linux community has created multiple variations for you to choose from as by default the system uses the text mode by default, with their own basic software for common use such as file explorer, notepad, virtual terminal etc. along with their own purpose and features.
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The Linux community has created multiple variations of the desktop environment for you to choose from as by default the system uses the text mode by default, with their own basic software for common use such as file explorer, notepad, virtual terminal etc. along with their own purpose and features.
 
   
 
   
 
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Revision as of 22:30, 7 February 2019

Linux
Linux cover
Developers
Linus Torvalds
Release dates
Linux September 17, 1991
Linux at Wikipedia

Key points

Most Linux distributions are significantly lighter on resources than Windows.
Better network stacking allows for lower network latency.
Managing OS updates is much easier, won't cause downtimes, won't run updates without user explicit consent.
Linux' default file system, EXT4 is superior to NTFS, giving shorter loading screens, faster database searches.
Some Linux-native games have ports of really poor quality, this gets better with newer games.
GPU drivers performance is inferior, performing about 5~20% worse than on Windows. This varies per game.
Many Windows-only Steam games can be run through Steam Play. Other Windows-only games can be run using Wine, but depending on the game it may be significantly more challenging.

Resources

ProtonDB - crowdsourced database of Proton (Steam Play) games performance
Phoronix - Website dedicated to hardware and benchmarking in Linux
DistroWatch - page dedicated to Linux distributions
OpenBenchmarking - a list of user-made benchmarks in Linux
/r/linuxhardware - Subreddit dedicated for Linux Hardware
/r/linuxquestions - Subreddit dedicated for Linux-related questions
Linux Journey - A beginner friendly page about learning Linux in general

Communities

Gaming On Linux - A large community dedicated for gaming on Linux
/r/linux_gaming - Linux Gaming Subreddit
/r/linux4noobs - Subreddit dedicated for Linux newbies
Linux Game Cast - pod/videocast
Back2Gaming - Gaming related news/guide page. More oriented into Linux

Distributions

There are two types of release models which distros are using, both have their pros and cons.

Fixed Release

Offers stable packages
Most distros which use it are beginner friendly
Very little maintenance
Package versions are usually tied to the distro version, so to get the recent packages, you need to update your OS
Stable packages don't contain the newest features. This is especially important in case of GPU drivers
Manual intervention is required in order to add user-made repositories in some distros.
Updating the distro to the next version doesn't require a fresh install and is easy to carry out but might take up to few hours (but usually below an hour)
Distribution Based On Desktop(s) [fr note 1] Release cycle Supported by[fr note 2] Description
Ubuntu Debian GNOME 6 months, 2 years for LTS Steam, GoG, many commercial developers The most popular distribution. Ubuntu LTS (Long Term Support) is officially supported by Steam. If you don't know what to choose, pick this one. Ubuntu non-LTS is updated more often and contains newer packages and functions and is also a great option.
Ubuntu flavours Ubuntu Plasma, LXQt, Budgie, MATE, Xfce 6 months same as Ubuntu[fr note 3] Flavours offer different Desktop Environments, but when it comes to compatibility, they are vitually the same as Ubuntu. Choose if you prefer distinct workflow or art style. Newcomerfs from Windows should definetly pick Ubuntu MATE or Xubuntu.
Linux Mint Debian, Ubuntu Cinnamon, MATE, XFCE Up to 2 years same as Ubuntu[fr note 3] The most popular beginner-friendly Linux distribution. LMDE 2 Edition is based on Debian. Be aware that the packages may be much older compared to Ubuntu LTS releases
KDE Neon Debian, Ubuntu KDE Plasma Up to a year same as Ubuntu[fr note 3] A distro created by the KDE community, compared to the Kubuntu (A KDE flavoured Ubuntu) it provides the latest version of KDE Plasma, while at the same time being able to use packages from Ubuntu.
SteamOS Debian (Stable) GNOME Varies Steam Linux distribution made by Valve Corporation specifically for Steam Machine or for gaming from couch. It currently provides the latest stable Linux kernel along with newer drivers for GPU. Offers an option to act as a desktop system, it may be behind in terms of packages.
  1. Default options are marked in bold
  2. look at Official Support TODO: add it
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Support is not official, but the distros are so similar, that everything that works for Ubuntu will work here.

Rolling Release

Provides the latest version of the package once it’s available
No distro upgrade is required, as most distros have only one version.
An update for the package may cause stability issues, so it is recommended organize an update by yourself in case a revision gets a release, which fixes stability issues.
In some cases, manual intervention is required.
No rolling release ditribution has any official support from any store
Some distros offer a semi-rolling release, meaning that the package will be tested before the release, it mostly takes less than a month, often a week depending on distro.
Distribution Based On Desktop(s)[rr note 1] Description
Manjaro ArchLinux Plasma, XFCE[rr note 2] Provides its own official repository has exclusive tools for installing various Linux kernels and managing your hardware drivers. The packages are semi-rolling meaning that it takes longer for the new version of the application to be released (Up to 2 weeks) until it's absolutely stable enough.
Antergos ArchLinux GNOME, Cinnamon, MATE, KDE, OpenBox, XFCE, text mode Compared to Manjaro, Antergos combines both its own repo along with official ArchLinux ones, useful for users who wish to get into ArchLinux without fiddling with commands for installation.
Solus Independent Budgie, GNOME, MATE Despite following the rolling release model it provides stable packages and features great hardware compatibility with any GPU. Includes a special tool called Linux Steam Integration (LSI) which allows you to easily customize Steam ranging from using the libraries from your system (Native mode) or force 32-bit mode. Only stable releases of library and software are added with a very few exceptions (Such as NVIDIA's Vulkan Beta Drivers)
OpenSUSE Tumbleweed Independent KDE Plasma 5 A separate rolling release version of OpenSUSE, which is more up to date and curated.
  1. Default options are marked in bold
  2. The community manages other versions with their own desktop environment

Desktop Environments

The Linux community has created multiple variations of the desktop environment for you to choose from as by default the system uses the text mode by default, with their own basic software for common use such as file explorer, notepad, virtual terminal etc. along with their own purpose and features.

Name Min. RAM Customizable Description
GNOME 2 GB Yes, limited

One of the most oldest (and 2nd) desktop environments which to this day is constantly updated. The 3rd generation of GNOME has a much more tablet-like appearance compared to previous ones with a very large set of softwares combined with community-made ones as well as extensions, thankfully the GNOME Classic is included for those who do not like it's theme and it's compositor integrates really well with NVIDIA graphics card, which does not cause any tearing at all. However, it's very limited in customization, forcing you to install GNOME Tweak to change things such as the color theme, icons etc.

For Wayland use, GNOME supports both GBM and EGLStreams APIs which makes it the only DE to support Wayland for every graphics cards that support it.

KDE Plasma 1 GB Yes

The very 1st desktop environemnt which to this day is still being updated and maintained. Compared to GNOME, it uses less memory while having many of it's features and software included which makes it very attractive to Windows/Mac users while being very customizeable and packed full of options for you to set up and a dedicated option to disable composition when running a software in full screen, providing a better performance in games. The main drawback however is that it's window manager/compositor KWin does not tolerate well against NVIDIA's proprietary driver, requiring you to set both the desktop and the driver to work properly.

Budgie 256 MB Yes

Created by a original Solus developer and currently maintained by Solus Team. It currently serves as an alternative for GNOME 3 with a much more desktop-like interface and bear some similarities to Windows 10. Later on it will no longer depend on GNOME 3 and instead, be reworked on Qt engine.

Cinnamon 256 MB Yes

Created by Linux Mint Team, Cinnamon brings back the GNOME 2 appearance with a modern twist, while using some of the features present in GNOME 3, including it's compositor's integration with NVIDIA GPU. Allows you to run in Hardware (Default) and Software mode (No Composition).

XFCE 128 MB Yes

Starting off as a clone of a Unix-like desktop environment named CDE, it became it's own DE with a much more Windows XP-like appearance and with it's light use of memory is well suited for low end hardware or even for Windows veterans.

MATE 128 MB Yes

MATE was born as a spiritual successor to GNOME 2 after a controversial change in GNOME 3. The DE is well suited for common Windows users while providing it's own features such as audio preview by a mouse hover.

LXQT 64 MB Yes, limited

Starting off as LXDE and later one in combination with Razor-Qt it became LXQt. The most lightweight desktop environment ever created, despite it's limited features and customization along with the lack of compositor it is perfectly suited for the lowest end hardware.

Kernel

Wikipedia page
It is important to update your Linux kernel as new versions provide security updates, bugfixes, better performance and support for hardware. Your distributions repository contains the latest version for your OS.

There are two main releases of the official Linux kernel:

  • the Long Term Support (LTS) is slightly behind in terms of hardware support and features, but offers better stability and has longer support,
  • stable release (sometimes called the current release) offers the best hardware support and the newest features. It's the default choice for a gaming machine and should be avoided only if it causes some issues.

Both releases offer the same security updates.

Kernel Replacement

This section is meant for advanced users, you can easily break your OS, if you don't know what you are doing!

While both stable and LTS Linux kernel releases can be used for gaming, there are also community-made ones which add features and improvements, thus may improve your gaming experience even further.

The most notable releases:

For help with installing different kernels on distro of your choice, you should go to kernel version official website or your distros forum and wiki.
Be sure to keep the current kernel you have in case if things go wrong.
UKUU is an useful utility for swaping kernels, although newer versions have nonfree license.

Microcode

ArchLinux Wiki Article

It is very important to install the microcode for your CPU as the manufacturer provides security and stability updates.

Most distributions use either package manager or some kind of firmware/drivers manager to update your microcode.

Hardware

Graphics

ArchLinux Wiki's ATI and Catalyst Article
ArchLinux Wiki's AMDGPU/AMDGPU Pro Article
ArchLinux Wiki's NVIDIA and Nouveau Article
ArchLinux Wiki's Intel Graphics Article

Here is a following table describing the drivers and informations which Linux supports for each GPU brand.

Brand Driver Type Driver Library Supported GPU Wayland Support
AMD/ATI Open Source AMDGPU MESA (GLX and DRI) GCN 1 to GCN 4 and newer architecture1 Yes
ATI GCN 2 and older architecture
Proprietary AMDGPU AMDGPU Pro GCN 3 to newer architecture
Catalyst Catalyst GL Library GCN 3 and older architecture No
NVIDIA Open Source Xorg Nouveau Mesa (GLX and DRI) Any NVIDIA GPU Yes
Proprietary Nvidia NVIDIA GLX From Kepler based GPUs to recent Yes2
Nvidia 390 Nvidia 390 GLX From Fermi based GPUs to recent
Nvidia 340 Nvidia 340 GLX For Tesla based GPUs No
Nvidia 304 Nvidia 304 GLX From GeForce 6 series to Tesla based GPUs
Nvidia 173 Nvidia 173 GLX GeForce 5 FX series (NV30 to NV360)
Nvidia 96 Nvidia 96 GLX From GeForce 2/3/4 MX/Ti
Intel Open Source Xorg Intel3 Mesa (GLX and DRI) Any Intel HD Graphics GPU Yes
Xorg Modesetting

1 - GCN 1 and 2 architecture support in AMDGPU is experimental.

2 - The proprietary one started to support Wayland since 364.12 version, however it uses the EGLStreams API.

3 - Do not use it on Intel HD 4000 series and newer GPU.


AMD/ATI GPU must use the open source driver as they provide the best performance than the proprietary ones, while NVIDIA users should stick to the proprietary ones. However there are some things to remember:

  • Never install drivers from the respective GPU brand's website unless you are forced to![citation needed]. Installing them from the distro's repo is enough.
  • Both AMD and Intel GPUs have a support for GBM API when it comes to Wayland, NVIDIA uses only EGLStreams which limits your Wayland usage to GNOME desktop only (Nouveau being and exception as it uses GBM)
  • If forced to use Catalyst, Nvidia 173 or Nvidia 96 drivers, you must downgrade XOrg to the version it got the last support.
  • Enable early KMS once you have installed the driver.
  • Currently the open source driver for AMDGPU don't have some of the features from AMDGPU Pro (Such as HDMI audio), however the upcoming 4.15 version of Linux kernel will include DC/DAL features present in the former driver. It will be enabled by default for Vega cards and newer. But for the older ones you need to add amdgpu.dc=1 into the kernel parameter after the release.[1]
  • Before using the open source driver you must install LLVM and Linux Firmware (In case of Nouveau, it's Firmware as well) before installing the driver itself!
  • As always when using the 64 bit system, install the 32 bit version of the drivers if possible.

List of 3rd-party repositories

Ubuntu/Linux Mint/Zorin OS/Pop! OS/Linux Lite/KDE Neon

Use sudo add-apt-repository <PPA repository> to add one. Make sure to run sudo apt update in order to update the repository list after adding one.

Repository Description
ppa:paulo-miguel-dias/pkppa Padoka Stable Mesa. For AMD/Intel/Nouveau GPU drivers, also contains Wayland.
ppa:paulo-miguel-dias/mesa Padoka Unstable Mesa. Same as the previous, however it is the developer version. Mind the issues you may encounter.
ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa "Graphics Drivers" Teams' PPA. Contains the recent proprietary NVIDIA drivers and the Vulkan drivers for that GPU.
ppa:ubuntu-x-swat/updates Ubuntu X Team's Stable Mesa. For AMD/Intel/Nouveau GPU drivers, also contains Wayland.

OpenSUSE


As of 10 August 2017, OpenSUSE Tumbleweed has an official NVIDIA RPM [1], you can manually add the repository with this command

zypper ar https://download.nvidia.com/opensuse/tumbleweed nvidia-tumbleweed
zypper inr (For installing)

Fedora

Because Fedora doesn‘t ship any proprietary NVIDIA drivers, you have to use the ones provided be either RPM Fusion or Negativo17. For RPMFusion's use:

sudo dnf install https://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm https://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm

For Negativo17's:

dnf config-manager --add-repo=https://negativo17.org/repos/fedora-nvidia.repo

Vulkan support

ArchLinux's Wiki Vulkan Article

If your graphics card supports Vulkan API, you need to install additional driver package in order to enable the support, with the exception of Nvidia ones as they are already included and then install the Vulkan ICD Loader to let your GPU to use it on an application which supports it. These drivers are:

  • Vulkan Intel for Intel HD GPUs
  • Vulkan Radeon for Open source ATI driver

Depending on the distro you may have to install Mesa Vulkan Driver. As for the NVIDIA's proprietary drivers, you also need to install the Vulkan package or in some distros such as ArchLinux, the proprietary driver package is all you need.

NVIDIA Optimus

NVIDIA Optimus Linux Guide

In case of laptops which contains NVIDIA Optimus support it is recommended to have PRIME enabled, which can be done by installing additional package, follow the distro’s documentation to learn which one. The alternative to it can be NVIDIA XRun package and Bumblebee's optirun/primusrun (Not recommended as it is no longer in development), but then the manual intervention is required (With the exception of the former). The linked guide will explain in detail the differences between them, as well as how to use them.

Xorg

Main Page

Xorg/X11 is the 1st display server released in 1986 which became a standard of creating Graphical user interface (GUI) for Linux. It received a major change during the popularity of Linux in 2000s. Despite the long support and being commonly used it has major issues which are still present today such as focus stealing, client and server separation which may lead to delays depending on the application it was made, tearing issues or even security ones which other user may capture key inputs from the keyboard. Depending on the desktop environment it also has accessibility issue for disabled users. Despite the release of its successor, Wayland, it is still maintained by Xorg Foundation and Free-Desktop.org.

Wayland

Main Page

Wayland is a successor to the Xorg/X11 server which allows to simplify the whole graphics stack without creating a Client while using a 3rd party compositor. It is only available for GPUs which have a Kernel Mode Setting support. Intel, ATI and AMDGPU, Nouveau have KMS enabled automatically by default albeit late, however when it comes to NVIDIA you must enable it manually.


The main benefit of the Wayland is a much faster response to programs compared to Xorg/X11 due to the simple communication between APIs. Keep in mind that you may need to add a command to inform you are running in that session to avoid using XWayland, which may affect the performance even if it has a support implemented. Such as games based on SDL2 like Team Fortress 2.


Bear in mind that if you want to use XWayland on NVIDIA GPU then you may be out of luck as the NVIDIA themselves stated that they have no plans for supporting XWayland, which pretty much forces you to use Xorg/X11 as a default GUI manager. [2]


Here are the following GUI libraries with Wayland support:

  • GTK3 - Supported and enabled by default since 3.20, if not, use the GDK_BACKEND=wayland command at the beginning.
  • Qt5 - Requires the Qt5 Wayland package. After that you can run the Qt 5 application with the -platform wayland command prompt.
  • SDL2 - Added in 2.0.2 enabled by default since 2.0.4. If not, use SDL_VIDEODRIVER=wayland command before running the application.
  • GLFW - Install the Wayland version package of GLFW instead of X11, support added in 3.2.
  • EFL - Enabled by default.
  • Clutter - Included with clutter package
  • FreeGLUT - Has initial support.

Audio

ArchLinux Wiki Page

Audio is mostly handled by ALSA, with or without PulseAudio. You may set up to use ALSA only, however it is mostly recommended to use with the latter, as it acts as a main central configuration point for audio itself and some games are set to use PA by default. When using a sound card you must install ALSA Firmware package from your repository, while in case of using Bluetooth headphones in PulseAudio, install it's PulseAudio Bluetooth library.


When it comes to API in Linux games, there are multiple of em such as OpenAL (Otherwise known as OpenAL Soft), SDL_mixer, SteamAudio, FMOD and more. But the most popular ones are the first two APIs.


You may also encounter the OSS, also known as Open Sound System, released in 1995, it was used as a default sound manager which was added into the kernel, until it was replaced by ALSA in 2.5 version release of Linux kernel. Linux games released till 2001 were using it to play any sound. Even to this day, the OSS is still being updated but it is not much used anymore. If you ever encounter a software where it supports only this audio interface and complaing about the lack of /dev/dsp, you have to either install the OSS itself and set the audio up (the hard way) or rely on emulation. In general, installing the OSSP package and enabling/starting it's daemon process (osspd) is enough to do it as it supports both PulseAudio and ALSA, but it is not updated frequently.

Another way is to use the OSS emulator for the specific audio interface:


  • PulseAudio can use the padsp command which can be found with the PulseAudio utility package or in some distros, already included with the main software.
  • ALSA users should install the alsa-oss package and then use the aoss, if using a 64 bit system you need to use the -32 argument if you run a 32-bit application.


Do not run aoss if you are using PulseAudio, all you will get is a static noise mixed with the white ones at high volume!


In case of MIDI, installing Timidity is required along with either soundfonts or FreePats package. Depending on the distro, it will either set it up automatically or require manual intervention. Keep in mind that if you are using PulseAudio, all the sounds, beside the MIDI music, will be muted unless you include the -iA -Os argument for the timidity command as either an autostart or as a user-made service.


You can also use Fluidsynth, however bear in mind that it uses more CPU, doesn't work with PulseAudio but ALSA only and it requires a soundfont to play.

Input Devices

Libinput ArchLinux article
Touchpad ArchLinux Article
Keyboard Configuration in Xorg ArchLinux article
Touchscreen ArchLinux article

The keyboard and mouse are supported on the go, however if using XOrg you must have it's input-libinput (input-evdev being the alternative) package installed as well in order to work, however by default it will support only 3 buttons for the mouse, in order to use all of them, you have to configure it manually. When using a laptop you may also need to install XOrg's Synaptic package to have access to all features of your touchpad, against the touchscreen it will either work out of the box (besides some calibration) or being very tedious, especially when it is not supported by Linux kernel.


Wayland users only requires the libinput package itself, which also supports XOrg.


If using a mouse dedicated for gaming, there is a universal configurator called Piper. Due to the fact that the software is still new, there is a limited support for some mouse devices, it does support some of the Logitech mouses. However, there are some other ones made specifically for a product from one company:

Disk Partitioning

ArchLinux Wiki Guide
Partition/File System Types

Partitioning your disk storage for using Linux is the most commonly controversial topic as most users have their own partition set for some folders or just use the whole Root folder, the storage device is commonly labeled as /dev/sd*# where * represents the letter from a to z, while the # is represents the partition of it. The biggest talk when it comes to making a partition is the Swap disk which have their preferred disk size changed. The swap disk is mainly used when you do not have enough RAM to store and have to rely on the HDD/SDD itself which is slower in terms of speed compared to RAM, but can get the job done. The most common partition for using the Swap disk for normal use goes like this

Amount of RAM Swap Disk Size
Less than 2 GB 2x the amount of RAM
2 GB - 4 GB The same amount of RAM or down to 0.5x.
Higher than 4 GB 0.5 times of RAM or less.

When it comes to partitioning your folders. You have to keep in mind the maximum size of it and plan your use of it. Most suggested one on the main root folder (/) is 15GB-20GB while the rest of it goes on to /home (Mind the RAM to know if you need to make Swap disk or not). The main advantage of it is that you won't lose any files stored in your Home directory when the system breaks.

You can also make a separate /boot partition as well, but when it comes to the size bear in mind how many kernels you are going to install and use. UEFI users must create a /boot partition with EFI System Partition while marking it as a Bootable disk, keep in mind that you can't use more than 2TB on it otherwise, there may be some issues. If dual-booting with Windows, don't reformat the existing one as Windows stores the .EFI file there, instead just mount it and use the existing one instead. The installers for most distros have an option to automatically set the disk for you if you wish and in some cases dependin on your choice, install the distro while keeping Windows intact.


There is a lot of the file system/partition types used in Linux for managing your files, but the most common one and used by default in many Linux distros is Ext4 introduced in 2008 as it includes new features which reduces the file fragmentation, improves flash memory life through delayed allocation, allowing larger volumes/files and mounting Ext2 or Ext3 disks as Ext4. There are other file systems which can be used with their own strengths and weaknesses.

Here are the following examples of how the partitioning looks like:


Single 250 GB HDD /dev/sda on a 4 GB of RAM BIOS system

Partition Folder Disk Format Size Bootable
/dev/sda1 / Ext4 25 GB Yes (GPT/MBR)
/dev/sda2 None Swap 2 GB No
/dev/sda3 /home Ext4 223 GB No


128 SSD /dev/sda and 500 GB HDD /dev/sdb on a 8 GB of RAM UEFI system

Partition Folder Disk Format Size Bootable
/dev/sda1 /boot Ext4 2 GB Yes (EFI)
/dev/sda2 / BTRFS 126 GB No
/dev/sdb1 /home Ext4 500 GB No

It all depends on how much space and which available storage device you want to use on folders and which disk format you want to use. Bear in mind that the order of the partition affects the performance for the disk. So having the /boot folder as a 1st partition will more likely let you boot faster than putting it last.


Note: If you decide to dual boot with Windows 8 or higher and using UEFI. You are not required to make an EFI partition since it already exists! Some Linux distributions such as Linux Mint offers you an option to install the system alongside with Windows, in some other distros such as ArchLinux, you need to mount the disk, install the bootloader and save the entry to the FStab. This guide will explain in further detail about dual booting with Windows.

Controller Support

All the controllers such as DualShock 4,DirectInput gamepads and XInput ones (Such as Xbox 360) are supported, however in case of issues regarding XInput ones, you may wish to install xboxdrv. For calibration purpose, you can install the graphical interface of JSTest package to do it.


The most interesting thing is the Steam Controller, as despite requiring Steam to make it work, it’s entirely possible to use it outside of it with the use of third-party scripts which lets you emulate it as an actual gamepad or a mouse. Even so, far to use it on Wine, if it’s set properly.


It is possible to use SDL2's binary for testing the Joystick or Gamepad to set up a non-supported controller to work with SDL2 applications [3].

If dealing with a game that has a very limited or no controller support at all, the AntiMicro has you covered. It allows you to bind keyboard and mouse inputs into the controller, however it works only in Xorg environment. Fedora has the stable build already available in their repository, Debian users should use the LibreGeek's repository, especially Ubuntu or Ubuntu-based distributions which can be added with this PPA. Otherwise, you need to compile the program on your own, which luckily includes the instructions and a list of dependencies required for compiling.

Benchmarking

ArchLinux Wiki Article
Gallium HUD Guide

It is entirely possible to benchmark native Linux games in this system by using the Phoronix Test Suite. While it is not in GUI form, it's actually very easy to use. You will need to download any game you wish to benchmark through this program and later on run it. The biggest advantage is that once it's completed, it will save the information as a webpage which the program automatically generates, creating a separate result is not required, as the program can also include it to the existing ones, making a comparison between the hardware you have used or settings much easier.


If decided to benchmark on your own, whenether the game has a built-in benchmark or not, using Gallium HUD is recommended. Due to the option of displaying the FPS, CPU or even the GPU load graph while running the software and can be customized to your need and it is available when the MESA package (version 13 or newer) has been installed. This option is only available for AMD, Intel HD and Nouveau.


Another much simpler and available for every kind of GPU is the glxosd which requires installing the package with the same name and just like Gallium HUD, you need to type glxosd before launching a game. The settings can be changed in the glxosd_config.lua file located in /etc/glxosd/. It is recommended to change the refresh rate of displaying the information as by default it will show the current info after 3 seconds (In config file it's 3000).


Steam users can use Valve's voglpref which only works for Steam. It will display both informations in the Terminal and at the custom website which can be accessed privately, from there you perform any task you want, although you need to know the SteamID of the game you wish to benchmark.

PCI Passthrough

ArchLinux Wiki Page
/r/VFIO reddit page

Since Linux 3.9 and recent QEmu version, it is possible to passthrough a graphics card, motherboard or even other hardwares into the virtual machine. The main advantage of it is having a native GPU working on Windows 7/8/10 in virtual machine such as the KVM or QEmu (VirtualBox does not support it!), which allows you to play Windows games on it without even using the dual-boot or relying on Wine to do so! However, there are some disadvantages:

  • Your CPU must support hardware virtualization and IOMMU
  • Your motherboard must also support IOMMU
  • Your GPU must support UEFI
  • You need a 2nd hardware for PCI Passthrough
  • It takes some time to set up and the whole process may be a little tough for beginners

The following links and the subreddit can be used to learn about the process. Keep in mind that it is not possible to perform a PCI Passthrough from Windows. This can be done only in Linux itself!

Wine

Main Page
/r/wine_gaming
Application Database

WINE (Wine Is Not an Emulator) is a compatibility layer which allows you to run Windows programs in Unix/Linux environment, it’s main advantage is a wide support of Windows versions ranging from 3.11 to Windows 7 and supports both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of their systems (32 bit only if you have a 32 bit version of Wine). Besides that some games may even work better than on native Windows such as games which use OpenGL or Vulkan rendering. However a manual intervention may be required if there are issues and checking the WineHQ’s App Database to see if it’s compatible and how to make it work. There are multiple versions of this program each with their own differences:

  • Normal
  • Staging - Provides additional features such as CSMT which may or may not improve the performance of the game and contains community-made patches which improves the compatibility.
  • Gallium Nine - Uses Gallium3D State Tracker, which dramatically improves the performance for games using DirectX 9, as it won’t translate Direct3D calls into OpenGL.

So far only AMD and NVIDIA graphics cards which rely on open source drivers have a support for Gallium 3D Nine which greatly benefits the compatibility and performance with DirectX 9-based games.

If WINE itself is hard to use there are also front-ends which may improve your experience with it:

Name Release Notes
PlayOnLinux Free
Beginner friendly
Includes precompiled scripts for automatic installation
Very slow development
The precompiled installation scripts are outdated, along with third-party libraries.
The precompiled scripts may even damage your system. It is recommended to use the option to install the software on your own.
Crossover Commercial
Superior in terms of compatibility than PlayOnLinux
Provides patches and improvements which are later on added to Wine Staging
Buying the product will also provide support for Wine development
Q4Wine Free
Moderately easy to use
Implemented Winetricks, providing latest version of third-party libraries (Manual update is required)
Implemented AppDB for checking the software compatibility on the go.
Manual compiling/installing other Wine versions is required for more than one.
Lutris Free
Can also act as a client for native games and emulators.
Provides community-maintained scripts for installing games on Wine or even Steam through Wine.
Can provide different Wine version for specific games.
May be a little hard to install the game on Wine by yourself

Stores and Clients

Name Client available Registers Linux sales? Notes
Steam Yes Yes
  • By default, the client includes libraries from Ubuntu 12.04, also known as Runtime version.
  • It's possible to make the client use libraries from your system, known as Native mode.
Humble Bundle No Yes
  • The store does not provide with information about required dependencies for the game.
GOG.com In Development Yes
  • Game's store page shows required dependencies to run.
  • Uses MojoSetup as an installer.
  • Running the start.sh script may cause issues, run the binary executable if that happens instead.
Itch.io Yes (Optional) Yes None
Feral Store No Yes
  • Sells only Mac and Linux ports they have made.

Other

The Bash Shell and Terminal

The Unix Shell "bash" and Terminal are available on most Linux-distributions by default is a very useful tool for doing system tasks. If you use Linux as your main operating system, it may be unnecessary to use, but it is recommended to learn some of the important commands and terminal hotkeys to make your job easier such as creating a script binary to perform simple tasks or even create aliases to turn complicated commands into a much simple version. Each desktop environment includes their own terminal and can be changed anytime you want, especially the third-party ones such as Terminator,XTerm/UXTerm or Tilix (Recommended).


All user-made settings are always saved in .bashrc file in your Home directory.


The LinuxCommand.org site is the best place to learn the basic and commonly used commands and it is recommended to learn the commands related to file manipulation, text editing, finding specific words and hardware-related stuff.

Folder Structure Reference

Detailed explanation

/ is called the Root folder - This is where all the folders and files are stored. You must not remove any content in it! Here are the contents of it.

Folder Description
/boot Static files of the boot loader
/home User Home directories. The current Home directory user is simplified into ~/ instead of /home/<username>/.
/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules.
/sbin System Binaries/Executables
/dev Device Files
/etc System Configurations. Will check the Home directory 1st for user-made ones that are generally hidden, if not found, it will check this one instead.
/media Mount point for removable media such as CD/DVD, Pendrive etc.
/bin Essential user command binaries such as cat, tar etc.
/mnt Mount point for temporarily mounted filesystems.Mainly used for mounting the HDD/SDD in order to install the system or perform a maintenance from the LiveCD/LiveUSB.
/opt Addon application packages such as Java, OSS etc.
/proc Virtual file system for documenting kernel and process status as text files. Distros using SELinux for security use /selinux, which is similar to /proc
/tmp Temporary files. Has it's own space size set which can be changed.
/var Variable files such as log files, downloaded packages etc.
/lost+found Contains files that can be recovered which may be broken during the unexpected shutdown. Only appears when installing Linux.
/root Home directory for Root cannot be accessed by User or the Superuser (Sudo/Su).
/srv Data for services provided by this system

There is also the /usr aka User folder, which stores files which were installed only by the user and has its own folder structure:

Folder Description
/bin Applications installed
/sbin System Administrations
/local User compiled applications. Default installation path when compiling the program.
/share Folder for storing architecture-independent files such as graphics, themes etc.
/lib Library files installed by the user. Used for compiling.
/include .c files are stored that are included for compiling.
/src Folder for storing source codes. Mainly for Linux kernel.

Compiling from source code

Every Ubuntu-based Linux distributions label libraries used for compiling a program with -dev at the end in their repositories. Some other distros already include them in one package along with the dependency.

The rule of thumb when compiling a program goes in 2 steps

make
sudo make install

This happens only when you are in a directory which contains the Makefile and it is done via Terminal when you have required libraries and GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) installed. The make install is varied, as by default the compiled program will move into /usr/local/ directory, hence why the sudo command is present. It is possible to change the location where you want to install, but for this simple process you might as well move the compiled binary file which is often located at the same directory as Makefile, sometimes in case of ioquake3 source port it will create a separate folder. However, there are other source codes which were made to be compiled in different ways:


Autogen/Automake and/or Configure


If either Autogen.sh or Configure script file is present, you must run at least one of them. Autogen's job is to simplify the process of programs that contains large amount of repetitious text and upon running it will create the Configure script which it's job is to scan if you have required libraries, check what kind of system you are using and prepare the files for it while creating Makefile, using the -h or -help argument will reveal available options, most source codes have their own specific option which can be set. Using the --prefix=<location> argument lets you change the directory where you want to install with make install. In this case it would go on like this:

./autogen.sh
./configure
make
sudo make install

If autogen.sh is not present, just follow the configuration procedure.


CMake


CMake is a cross compiling program which allows a much more simple configuration process and reading the compiling progress, while allowing to prepare the required scripts in a separate directory as long as you appoint where the CMakeList.txt is located. There are two commands for preparing and configuring files for compiling if CMake is used:

  • cmake <directory location of CMakeList.txt>
  • ccmake <directory location of CMakeList.txt>

The only difference is that the ccmake command uses the Text User Interface for easier configuration. The most common way of compiling in this compiler goes like this in a main folder of the source code:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make

Once the compiling process is done, it will be putted in a separate folder for easier navigation. You do not have to use the make install to install it to your /usr/local directory.


QMake


This happens only on applications which uses Qt as a main graphical interface, it only requires using qmake on the main folder to configure and check what Qt version you are using and later on set up the Makefile for compiling. After that you can just use make command to compile a program. So basically it goes like this:

qmake
make
sudo make install # Optional

List of other make options


Here is a list of few other make commands:

Command description
make install Move the compiled files into the directory specified in prefix
make uninstall Remove the compiled files from the directory specified in prefix
make clean Remove the files that are normally created by building the program.
make distclean Remove both files created by building the program and from configure.
make check Perform a compiling test
make dist Create a distribution .tar file.

For more commands and detailed information, check out this page.


Getting the source code

There are two types of source codes which you can get. The stable ones are generally packed in a .tar.gz archive file along with the software that is labeled stable as a separate download in case if your distro either does not support the package file or it is in distro's repository, but it is outdated and wish to upgrade.


Then there is the developer ones which can be found in the main master git or SVN page. Those can be downloaded either through the web browser or through the Git/Subversion program. These programs are constantly updated and may be unstable. The best way is to use the Git/Subversion program for this situation as they contain commands which can update the scripts if any changes are made.


The most popular places for downloading both stable and unstable source codes are generally GitHub and SourceForge. The former one will mostly show the master directory which is where the developer ones are shown with a separate download link while the stable one is downloadable through the release page, the SourceForge will always check what kind of Linux distro or the base of it you are using and link the download to the supported one, if not, it will link to the stable source code. The developer version is always stored in either SVN, CVS or Git page separately.


Newcomers to the Linux should stick to the stable ones, if required, it is best to learn some options in using the git or subversion command when required. Other than that, if there are instructions how to compile and what dependencies are required, always stick to it.

Notes

  • There are no best distros, it all depends on your need. You may be switching between it until you find a perfect one, commonly called “distro hopping”.
  • Always ask the forum or refer to the documentation of the distro in case you have a problem. ArchLinux one can be used regardless the distro you are using.
  • In some distros, such as ArchLinux, you may want to check the main page before updating, sometimes a manual intervention is required, but will always provide instructions what to do. Not required for fixed release type distros.
  • You don’t have to keep making an update if a new version is released in a rolling release distro, you can always do it later. It’s actually recommended to do it after some time to avoid any stability issue.
  • Always use virtual machines such as VirtualBox to learn about the distro you want to use. Some distros have a LiveCD or LiveUSB which allows you to check the distro out before installing or even use it for the maintenance. Make sure to install any utilities related to VirtualBox at the Linux distro you are emulating such as graphics drivers.
  • Some keys on your keyboard are labeled differently in Linux world. Meta4/Super key are actually Windows key, while "^X" in text mode is actually Ctrl+X.
  • Almost all of the desktop environments have their own Terminal, you can install a 3rd party ones which generally are more feature rich.
  • If you are confused with using the package manager in Terminal for each distro, this page will help you.
  • Having a second workstation is extremely useful in case if the game hangs out or freezes without any option to minimize it back to the desktop. Mostly happens to the Xorg/X11 server display.
  • Files and folders can be hidden by adding "." at the beginning of the name.
  • If using a 64-bit version of the distro. Always make sure to install the 32-bit package counterpart for the compatibility!
  • Configuration files for games and applications are stored in your Home directory which are mostly hidden. Either at the ~/.config, ~/.local/share or the ~/.<application/developer name> directory.
  • If someone tells you to use this command sudo rm -Rf /, don't do it unless you want to have a bad time.

Improvements

Hardware

Enable Threading Optimizations

Improves the performance of the games when enabled, for some even dramatically.
NVIDIA Drivers
  1. Add __GL_THREADED_OPTIMIZATIONS=1 before the command of the game. For example in Steam, define the command launch paramteres as:
__GL_THREADED_OPTIMIZATIONS=1 %command%

Notes

  • Not needed with nvidia driver 378 ¨Enabled OpenGL threaded optimizations by default in the driver. Refer to the "Threaded Optimizations" section in the "Specifying OpenGL Environment Variable Settings" chapter of the README for details. These optimizations will self-disable when they are degrading performance. As a result, performance should be unchanged for many applications, and increased for those that benefit from threaded optimizations and were not already forcing them enabled.¨
Mesa Driver (AMD, Nouveau, Intel etc.)

GPUs which use Mesa as a driver library have the OpenGL Multithreading disabled by default, using the mesa_glthread=true before the launch command in either Terminal or as a Launch Options can enable it for the specific game. On Steam use the mesa_glthread=true %command% in Set Launch Options...

Notes

The Mesa's developer version is frequently updated to automatically enable this feature on launch. Those who rely on stable release need to wait a little while for the main update.

Disable Nvidia Logo when running X server

Edit the XOrg configuration file

Add Option "NoLogo" "true" under the NVidia Corporation VendorName in it's Xorg configuration file. Example:

Section "Device"
    Identifier "Nvidia Card"
    Driver "nvidia"
    VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation"
    Option "NoLogo" "true"
EndSection

Enable BFQ Scheduler

Create an udev rule
Enabling BFQ scheduler provides better interactivity and throughput for your system.

Linux CK or Linux Zen version 4.11 and less

  1. Add elevator=bfq to the kernel parameter of your bootloader.
  2. Reboot to the kernel which supports BFQ scheduling.

Any kernel based on official Linux 4.12 version or higher

As of 4.12 version of the official Linux kernel, the BFQ feature has been added, but it is not enabled by default.
  1. Go to /etc/udev/rules.d/ and type in Terminal sudo nano **-bfq. Replace ** with any number.
  2. Type in this script and save the file:
ACTION=="add|change", KERNEL=="sd[a-z]", ATTR{queue/scheduler}="bfq"
  1. Add scsi_mod.use_blk_mq=y dm_mod.use_blk_mq=y to the kernel parameter of your bootloader to enable Multi-Queue Block IO Queuing Mechanism.
  2. Reboot to the kernel which supports scheduling.

Notes

  • Enabling Multi-Queue Block IO Queuing Mechanism without creating a udev rule for enabling BFQ will have a negative impact on your hard disk, solid state disk is not affected!
  • Using the former method on the kernel based on 4.12 version of the main one will cause the system to get stuck at the bootup screen after choosing the kernel!

Disable Mouse Acceleration in XOrg

Create a new Xorg rule[2]

Create a config file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ as any number-custom name.conf (for example 50-mouse-acceleration.conf, keep in mind that it does not accept spaces in names) as super user/root and add the following script:

Section "InputClass"
	Identifier "My Mouse"
	Driver "libinput"
	MatchIsPointer "yes"
	Option "AccelProfile" "flat"
EndSection

Then restart the system or Xorg (In most distros it's Ctrl+Alt+Backspace ←)

Improve Shutdown Time In Systemd

Edit the system.conf

In some desktop environments such as LXQt, the system shutdown or restart process may take longer due to Systemd having the time to stop the session set to 1 minute 30 seconds by default.

  1. Edit as a root the system.conf file located in /etc/systemd/
  2. Find DefaultTimeoutStartSec and DefaultTimeoutStopSec, uncomment them if necessary and set the time limit in seconds.
  3. Type sudo systemctl daemon-reload

OR

Install watchdog package and enable/run the watchdog service.

Resolution Scaling with XRandr

It is entirely possible to scale the resolution through multiplications (--scale) or by resolution (--scale-from) with xrandr command. Provided that you input the monitor name and your current resolution, which can be learned by using xrandr -q command (It will also list available resolutions).

Here are some examples:

  • xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --scale 0.5x0.5 - this will downscale the resolution by 0.5 while using 1024x768 resolution in VGA1 monitor.
  • xrandr --output VGA3 --mode 1920x1080 --scale-from 1440x900 - This command will imitate the 1440x900 resolution under 1080p in your VGA3 monitor.

Software

List the missing dependencies

As GOG, Steam and other stores mostly support Ubuntu due to it's popularity in both making another distribution (Such as Linux Mint) or wide use, there can be a limited support for the other distros such as ArchLinux, Fedora etc. Mostly in terms of requiring dependencies to run the game or a software.

The ldd command can be used to check which dependency does it require and if they are in your system.

ldd <binary file>

After running the command, it'll list all the *.so files the software uses, if there is a "Not found" somewhere, this is the moment to learn which package does it contain the file.

The missing dependency checkup can be even easier with the inclusion of the grep command.

ldd <binary_file> | grep "Not found"

This will only look for the lines related to "Not found" only, if nothing shows up then you have everything you need.

Enable 32-bit libraries in 64-bit system

Depending on distro you may have to enable the 32-bit libraries for compatibility's sake on a 64-bit system.

Ubuntu/Debian or distributions based on them have to use the sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 command and then update the list with the sudo apt update command. 32 bit packages are labeled as either i686 or i386 at the end.

ArchLinux and distros based on it have to edit the pacman.conf file located in /etc folder and uncomment the [multilib] section along with the Include under it and run sudo pacman -Sy to refresh the repository list. 32 bit packages are labeled as lib32 at the beginning.

Fedora, OpenSUSE, Solus already have it enabled. It requires the .i686 or .i386 at the end to install a 32-bit package for 1st two. Solus requires -32bit at the end.

Optimize the program to your CPU when compiling
Improves the performance of the program after it's compiled.
May not work on other system but yours.

In Makefile remove any -march and -mtune arguments from the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS and add -march=native at the beginning.

Notes

  • On ArchLinux-based distro you can edit the makepkg.conf to use it by default when using AUR.
  • The default option for -march is generic, in case if there are issues.
  • Please refer to the GCC Optimization Guide and Safe CFLAGS from the Gentoo Wiki
Use more cores to improve compilation time

Add -j#+1 after the make command. Where # is number of cores. So if you want to use 2 cores of your CPU, use make -j3, in case of 4 cores usemake -j5 etc.

Notes

  • On ArchLinux-based distro you can edit the MAKEFLAGS from makepkg.conf. To apply it as default when using AUR.
  • Keep in mind that some programs requires using one core for the stability sake. So if you are on ArchLinux and using AUR, don't be surprised it uses only 1 core.
  • By default it uses one core when compiling.
Running Games on a Separate x Server

Running games on a different X server from ones main desktop can dramatically improve performance and generally reduces the amount of problems within a game especially when using an advanced compositing window manager like Compiz. To launch a separate X server with a game create a new .sh file and paste in the following code:

#! /bin/bash
DISPLAY=:1.0
xinit $cd '/YOURGAMEPATH' $* -- :1

Save and allow the file to be executable. Running this script in the terminal will make it much easier end the server when you are finished with it. Alternatively you can set the path to a terminal emulator like Xterm /usr/bin/uxterm and launch the game from a terminal in the new server. You could even launch a file browser like nautilus /usr/bin/nautilus Press Ctrl+Alt+F7 to return to the main desktop and Ctrl+Alt+F8 to go back to the newly created one.

Make a native executable for your game
This method may improve the compatibility and sometimes even improve the performance of it on your Linux system. Can be useful in older Linux games that rely on older SDL interface such as Majesty.

1. Create an empty text file and open it with any text editor.

2. Add this following script:

#!/bin/sh
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/path/to/library /path/to/executable

Replace /path/to/library with one of these paths:

  • If the game is 64-bit /usr/lib64
  • If the game is 32-bit and you are using a 64-bit system /usr/lib32
  • If the game is 32-bit /usr/lib

3. Once done, save it and make it executable using either chmod command or via Properties with your file manager.

Notes

  • You are required to learn which library does the game uses and install them if not available. Each game has it's own library folder which you may learn about it.

Common Fixes

Hardware

The NVIDIA DKMS driver won't install after updating it
If none of them won't work, you may have to downgrade your kernel and wait for the update that fixes it. Provided that you or someone else reported this issue.

Text Mode

  1. Boot up to your kernel
  2. Enter the text mode by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2-F10 and if necessary, stop the display manager.
  3. Type in as root, dkms install nvidia/<version> --all. If everything is done successfully type reboot.

LiveCD/LiveUSB

  1. Boot to the LiveCD/LiveUSB
  2. Mount your partition(s) using mount /dev/sd<disk and partition and Chroot it with chroot <root partition> (In ArchLinux system it's arch-chroot instead).
  3. Type in dkms install nvidia/<version> --all. Once it's done without any errors, you can restart the system.
Set up a primary monitor in multi-monitor setup[citation needed]
  1. Install xrandr using your linux distribution's package manager.
  2. Run xrandr from a terminal emulator and find the name of the monitor you want to set as the primary (i.e. "HDMI-0").
  3. Run xrandr --output <name> --primary.

Notes

To automate this when the system starts, prepend the command to your ~/.xinitrc-file, or your desktop environment's equivalent.
No sound[citation needed]

Open the Terminal and type as root gpasswd -a <username> audio, if that did not work then:

  1. Open the group file as root in a text editor located in /etc folder.
  2. Find the following line
    audio:x:29:pulse
  3. Add a comma and your username ex:
    audio:x:29:pulse,tux

Software

All Feral Interactive game ports do not launch[3]

Sometimes caused by the compatibility issue with recent Glibc update. Use this fix until the revision which fixes this issue is available.
Set a library path

Add LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/path/to/steam/games/steamapps/common/gamename/lib/x86_64/" %command% in Set Launch Options....

Replace /path/to/steam/games/steamapps/common/gamename with the path where you have installed the game.

Screen Tearing

General

Install a third party compositor

There are multiple compositors laying around the repository. The most well known ones are Compiz, Compton, XCompMgr and Cairo Compmgr.

Compton, XCompMgr and Cairo Compmgr have the ability to co-operate with the window manager of the desktop environment and in some cases even show up as a new option for selecting a window manager. For example in MATE while using MATE Tweak it will show up as Marco (GPU Composition). Other than that you may have to manually start them up or just add an Autostart option for one of em.

Compiz on the other hand replaces the window manager entirely by default, either with Metacity or Emerald (Recommended), there is an option to use other ones. The biggest advantage of it however is the fact that it has a wide range of customization options ranging from adding animations when minimizing/maximizing/moving windows to 3D window selection when switching between windows using the Alt+Tab . It is recommended to install Fusion Icon along with it.

NVIDIA

Enable Force Full Composition Pipeline

Open up the NVIDIA Settings and in X Server Display Configuration press Advanced button and check in "Force Full Composition Pipeline" and accept the settings.

To make it permament, press Save to X Configuration File, save it anywhere and move it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ while renaming it to 20-nvidia.conf as root. This can be done with sudo mv <current location of the X configuration file> /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf.

If using KWin as a desktop composer, add export KWIN_TRIPLE_BUFFER=1 in /etc/profile.d/kwin.sh and then enable Triple Buffering, make sure you are using OpenGL 2.0 or higher as a rendering backend.

You must enable Triple Buffering and Allow Indirect GLX Protocol should be disabled.
If using a multi-monitor setup, you must set it up for each monitor.
Does not work on 340.xx and lower version of the driver.

AMD/ATI/Intel

Depending on the driver, it'll be set to prevent tearing by default, if not use these following options:

Enable TearFree (AMDGPU/AMDGPU Pro)

Add Option "TearFree" "true" to the Xorg setting file for AMD GPU under the Driver section. Located in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ folder, if not, create the text file and name it 20-amdgpu.conf and then add:

Section "Device"
    Identifier "<Name of your AMD Graphics Card>"
    Driver "amdgpu"
    Option "TearFree" "true"
EndSection

Note: By default the TearFree is set to auto, which according to the manual it is enabled for outputs with rotation or other RandR transforms, and for RandR 1.4 slave outputs, otherwise it is disabled.

Enable VBlank Mode (ATI/Intel)

Edit the .drirc text file located in your Home directory and add <option name="vblank_mode" value="0" /> under the <application name="Default">, if the file does not exist create one and paste this:

<driconf>
    <device screen="0" driver="dri2">
        <application name="Default">
            <option name="vblank_mode" value="1" />
        </application>
    </device>
    <!-- Other devices ... -->
</driconf>

If the tearing is still present after that, edit or create 20-radeon.conf file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/ directory and enable EXAVSync and SwapBuffersWait. Example:

Section "Device"
	Identifier  "<Name of your ATI Radeon Graphics Card>"
	Driver	"radeon"
	Option	"EXAVSync" "on"
	Option "SwapbuffersWait" "true" 
EndSection

Intel HD users may experience tearing in videos, to prevent it you have to enable TearFree option, edit or create 20-intel.conf file in Xorg configuration directory and add:

Section "Device"
  Identifier  "Intel Graphics"
  Driver      "intel"
  Option "AccelMethod" "sna"
  Option "TearFree" "true"
EndSection
Enable TearFree (Catalyst)

Type in Terminal amdcccle and go to Display OptionsTear Free

OR

Type in Terminal aticonfig --set-pcs-u32=DDX,EnableTearFreeDesktop,1

References